The Morris water maze (MWM) was described 20 years ago as a device to investigate
spatial learning and memory in laboratory rats. In the meanwhile, it has become one of the …

There has been nearly a century of interest in the idea that encoding and storage of
information in the brain requires changes in the efficacy of synaptic connections between …

The induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is
associated with a rapid and robust transcription of the immediate early gene Zif268. We …

It is becoming increasingly clear that the processes of memory formation and storage are
exquisitely dynamic. Elucidating the nature and temporal evolution of the biological changes …

Accumulation of oxidative damage to mitochondria, protein, and nucleic acid in the brain
may lead to neuronal and cognitive dysfunction. The effects on cognitive function, brain …

Fear conditioning has received extensive experimental attention. However, little is known
about the molecular mechanisms that underlie fear memory consolidation. Previous studies …

The amount and availability of proteins are regulated by their synthesis, degradation, and
transport. These processes can specifically, locally, and temporally regulate a protein or a …

It is widely held that long-term memories are established by consolidation of newly acquired
information into stable neural representations, a process that requires protein synthesis and …

The immediate‐early gene Zif268 is a member of the Egr family of inducible transcription
factors. Data from gene expression studies have suggested that this gene may play a critical …

Much attention has been paid to the associative processes that are necessary to fuse
together representations of the various components of an episodic memory. In the present …