We review physical processes of ionized plasma and neutral gas coupling in the weakly
ionized, stratified, electromagnetically-permeated regions of the Sun's chromosphere and …

This chapter reviews recent findings of multi‐scale structures and dynamics in the high‐
latitude ionosphere, particularly on meso‐scale (10s‐100s km) processes, as well as their …

Ionospheric conductance plays an important role in regulating the response of the
magnetosphere‐ionosphere system to solar wind driving. Typically, models of …

Strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) is an optical phenomenon of the
subauroral ionosphere arising from extreme ion drift speeds. STEVE consists of two distinct …

In data mining, density-based clustering, which entails classifying datapoints according to
their distributions in some space, is an essential method to extract information from large …

In the auroral E‐region strong electric fields can create an environment characterized by fast
plasma drifts. These fields lead to strong Hall currents which trigger small‐scale plasma …

For spectra associated with full turbulence the observed mean phase velocity of unstable
Farley‐Buneman waves has been found not to exceed the ion‐acoustic speed, cs. This has …

VHF radars near the geomagnetic equator receive coherent reflections from plasma density
irregularities between 130 and 160 km in altitude during the daytime. Though researchers …

Millions of small but detectable meteors hit the Earth's atmosphere every second, creating
trails of hot plasma that turbulently diffuse into the background atmosphere. For over 60 …

Stimulated by recent observations described in a companion paper, we have revisited
existing theories of the Farley‐Buneman instability throughout the altitude range 90 to 125 …