This review concerns the effects on vision and the eye of medications prescribed at three
phases of treatment for women with early-stage breast cancer (BC):(1) adjuvant cytotoxic …

Estrogen is essential in maintaining various physiological features in women, and a decline
in estrogen levels are known to give rise to numerous unfortunate symptoms associated with …

Purpose Hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis has been implicated in
many optic neuropathies. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is important in maintaining …

Metformin, an anti-hyperglycemic drug of the biguanide class, exerts positive effects in
several non-diabetes-related diseases. In this study, we aimed to examine the protective …

Purpose To investigate the potential protective effect of novel G protein coupled estrogen
receptor (GPER1) against the neurotoxicity induced by NMDA in the mouse retina. Methods …

Purpose: We evaluated the level of sex hormones in female patients with primary open
angle glaucoma (POAG) to determine whether they are associated with the onset and/or …

MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-to three-day-old B6CBA male and female mice (Jackson
Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME) were used for all cell culture experiments. They were sexed …

Excitotoxicity has been implicated in several ischemic diseases of the retina, including
retinal vessel occlusion and diabetic retinopathy. Glutamate signaling mediated through the …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent survival and developmental factor that
is regulated by cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and has a protective …

Characterized by optic nerve atrophy due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, glaucoma is
the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Of the major risk factors for glaucoma …