Plant shoots typically grow against the gravity vector to access light, whereas roots grow
downward into the soil to take up water and nutrients. These gravitropic responses can be …

Plants can reorient their growth direction by sensing organ tilt relative to the direction of
gravity. With respect to gravity sensing in gravitropism, the classic starch statolith hypothesis …

Concerns regarding the reliability of slow-and fast-rotating uni-axial clinostats in simulating
weightlessness have induced the construction of devices considered to simulate …

Since 1806, we have known that plant organs use gravity as a guide for growth (Knight,
1806). The gravity-directed growth process, called gravitropism, dictates upward shoot …

Data and theories about the identity of the mass that acts in gravitropic sensing are
reviewed. Gravity sensing may have evolved several times in plants and algae in processes …

The starch statolith hypothesis of gravity sensing in plants postulates that the sedimentation
of statoliths in specialized statocytes (columella cells) provides the means for converting the …

Quantitative analysis of statolith sedimentation behavior was accomplished using
videomicroscopy of living columella cells of corn (Zea mays) roots, which displayed no …

Ratiometric wide-field fluorescence microscopy with 1′, 7′-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-
carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)-dextran demonstrated that gravistimulation leads to rapid …

We have critically evaluated the possible functions of the plant cytoskeleton in root
gravisensing and graviresponse and discussed the evidence that microtubules (MTs) and …

Gravitropism is a process by which plant organs readjust their growth toward or away from
the gravity vector when the plant is reoriented. The actin cytoskeleton has often been a …