The cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling
exert essential regulatory function in microbial-and onco-immunology through the induction …

Histological specimen and textbook schematics evoke static pictures of vascular networks.
However, the concept of a static system is grossly misleading as vessels and their …

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow
capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in …

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (5): 465–476 Abstract Background Coronary collaterals are an
alternative source of blood supply to myocardium jeopardized by ischaemia. Well …

Most acute coronary events occur in the upstream region of stenotic atherosclerotic plaques
that experience laminar shear stress (LSS) elevated above normal physiological levels …

The coronary arteries have been regarded as end arteries for decades. However, there are
functionally relevant anastomotic vessels, known as collateral arteries, which interconnect …

Collateral artery growth is a potent natural defence mechanism to prevent death and
myocardial infarction in occlusive artery disease. Given the high prevalence of arterial …

In human hearts, an extensive pre-existing collateral network is present. This was shown
unequivocally some 50 years ago in a series of very detailed post-mortem angiographic …

Evidence from clinical research and animal studies indicates that inflammation is an
important factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) …

Oxidative stress (OS) arises from an imbalance in the cellular redox state, which can lead to
intracellular damage and ultimately cell death. OS occurs as a result of normal ageing, but it …