This is a review about the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), its mean
structure, temporal variability, controlling mechanisms, and role in the coupled climate …

The Lagrangian method—where current location and intensity are determined by tracking
the movement of flow along its path—is the oldest technique for measuring the ocean …

Abstract The Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation is important to the climate system
because it carries heat and carbon northward, and from the surface to the deep ocean. The …

The Mediterranean region contains a diverse and interesting climate ranging from areas
with permanent glaciers to areas of subtropical, semiarid regions. The region is potentially …

Marine gateways play a critical role in the exchange of water, heat, salt and nutrients
between oceans and seas. As a result, changes in gateway geometry can significantly alter …

Proxy-based studies have linked the pre-industrial atmospheric p CO 2 rise of∼ 20 ppmv in
the mid-to late Holocene to an inferred increase in the Southern Ocean overturning and …

The oceans regulate our weather and climate from global to regional scales. They absorb
over 90% of accumulated heat in the climate system (IPCC Citation 2013) and over a quarter …

Global hydrographic and air–sea freshwater flux datasets are used to investigate ocean
salinity changes over 1950–2010 in relation to surface freshwater flux. On multi-decadal …

One century of oceanographic measurements has evidenced gradual increases in
temperature and salinity of western Mediterranean water masses, even though the vertical …

Abstract The subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) is subject to strong decadal variability, with
implications for surface climate and its predictability. In 2004–2005, SPNA decadal upper …