The causes and consequences of individual differences in animal behavior and stress
physiology are increasingly studied in wild animals, yet the possibility that stress physiology …

Simple Summary Personality—ie, individual differences in behavior and emotion—is
increasingly being recognized as important in animal research. Whilst numerous studies …

Background Glucocorticoid hormones are known to play a key role in mediating a cascade
of physiological responses to social and ecological stressors and can therefore influence …

Free-living animals cope with environmental stressors through physiological and
behavioural responses. According to the unidimensional model, these responses are …

Animal vigilance is concerned with the monitoring of potential threats caused by predators
and conspecifics. Researchers have argued that threats are part of a landscape of fear …

Play is a characteristic behavior of mammals, occurring among juveniles across a wide
range of mammalian species. We evaluated the hypothesis that play helps prepare young …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are involved in the regulation of an animal's energetic state. Under
stressful situations, they are part of the neuroendocrine response to cope with environmental …

Despite a long history of animal studies investigating coping styles, the causal connections
between behavior and stress physiology remain unclear. Consistency across taxa in effect …

Despite a recent surge in the popularity of animal personality studies and their wide-ranging
associations with various aspects of behavioural ecology, our understanding of the …

The reproductive success of wild animals usually increases with age before declining at the
end of life, but the proximate mechanisms underlying those patterns remain elusive. Young …