Women are at twice the risk for anxiety and depression disorders as men are, although the
underlying biological factors and mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we …

Increasing evidence suggests estrogen and estrogen signaling pathway disturbances
across psychiatric disorders. Estrogens are not only crucial in sexual maturation and …

Major depressive disorder is a common psychiatric disorder associated with marked
suffering, morbidity, mortality, and cost. The World Health Organization projects that by 2030 …

The use of animal models for behavioral and pharmaceutical testing is employed in many
different fields of research but often relies solely on male animals. When females are …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

Estrogen (E 2) has many effects in the central nervous system, including effects on anxiety
and depression behavior. This review will address effects of E 2 on behaviors related to …

Autism is a severe behavioral disorder characterized by pervasive impairments in social
interactions, deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication, and stereotyped behaviors …

Stress-related disorders such as anxiety and depression are disproportionately prevalent in
women. Women are more likely to experience depression and anxiety disorders during …

In preclinical studies screening for novel antidepressants, male and female animals should
be used. However, in a widely used antidepressant test, the forced swim test (FST), sex …

Objective: Finasteride, a commonly prescribed medication for male pattern hair loss, has
recently been associated with persistent sexual side effects. In addition, depression has …