Since the discovery of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) as an important pivot for
cytosolic DNA sensation and interferon (IFN) induction, intensive efforts have been …

Interferons (IFNs) are a broad class of cytokines elicited on challenge to the host defense
and are essential for mobilizing immune responses to pathogens. Divided into three classes …

INTRODUCTION Sensing of pathogenic microbes and tissue damage by the innate immune
system triggers immune cells to secrete cytokines that promote host defense. Viral RNA …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of a
respiratory disease that has a 10% mortality rate. We previously showed that SARS-CoV …

Immunity in higher organisms can be broadly categorized into adaptive immunity and innate
immunity. Adaptive immunity is mediated by clonally distributed T and B lymphocytes which …

Intracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a chief sign of replication for many viruses.
Host mechanisms detect the dsRNA and initiate antiviral responses. In this report, we …

The airway epithelium acts as a frontline defense against respiratory viruses, not only as a
physical barrier and through the mucociliary apparatus but also through its immunological …

Dengue virus (DENV) is a pathogen with a high impact on human health. It replicates in a
wide range of cells involved in the immune response. To efficiently infect humans, DENV …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been established to play an essential role in the activation of
innate immunity by recognizing specific patterns of microbial components. TLR signaling …