Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Increasing evidence suggests that biological membranes can be laterally subdivided into
domains enriched in specific lipid and protein components and that these domains may be …

Biological membranes are compartmentalized for functional diversity by a variety of specific
protein–protein, protein–lipid, and lipid–lipid interactions. A subset of these are the …

A subset of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is causally related to the development of
human epithelial tumors and cancers. Like a number of pathogens, HPV entry into target …

The canonical second messenger cAMP is well established as a potent negative regulator of
T cell immune function. Through protein kinase A (PKA) it regulates T cell function at the …

CD47, a self recognition marker expressed on tissue cells, interacts with immunoreceptor
SIRPα expressed on the surface of macrophages to initiate inhibitory signaling that prevents …

CD8+ CTLs are adept at killing virally infected cells and cancer cells and releasing cytokines
(eg, IFN-γ) to aid this response. However, during cancer and chronic viral infections, such as …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are frequently caused by
tobacco smoking. However, these diseases present opposite phenotypes involving redox …

Lipid rafts, the sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains, are able to
form different membrane macrodomains or platforms upon stimulations, including redox …

Flotillin-1 and flotillin-2 are ubiquitously expressed, membrane-associated proteins involved
in multifarious cellular events from cell signaling, endocytosis, and protein trafficking to gene …