Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting~ 80 million people
by 2020 (,). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells …

Post-translational modifications of connexins play an important role in the regulation of gap
junction and hemichannel permeability. The prerequisite for the formation of functional gap …

Oxidative stress (OS) refers to an imbalance between free radicals (FRs), namely highly
reactive molecules normally generated in our body by several pathways, and intrinsic …

Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration
(AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in the retina and choroid due to an …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in almost all organisms and is active in a
variety of physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the peculiarities …

The retina is a highly metabolically active tissue with high-level consumption of nutrients and
oxygen. This high metabolic demand requires a properly developed and maintained …

The brain and the retina share many physiological similarities, which allows the retina to
serve as a model of CNS disease and disorder. In instances of trauma, the eye can even …

Retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness and visual disability in working‐aged people.
The pathogenesis of retinopathy is an actual and still open query. Alterations contributing to …

The mammalian retina contains multiple neurons, each of which contributes differentially to
visual processing. Of these retinal neurons, amacrine cells have recently come to prime light …

The role of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is well-established and dysregulation
of a large number of inflammatory mediators is known. These include cytokines …