Climate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that
have consequences for marine ecosystems. Here, we review evidence for the responses of …

Marine life is controlled by multiple physical and chemical drivers and by diverse ecological
processes. Many of these oceanic properties are being altered by climate change and other …

Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their
environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the …

The world's oceans are a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The biological
carbon pump plays a vital role in the net transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans …

Coral reefs feed millions of people worldwide, provide coastal protection and generate
billions of dollars annually in tourism revenue. The underlying architecture of a reef is a …

The heavily-revised Practical Handbook of Marine Science, Fourth Edition continues its
tradition as a state-of-the-art reference that updates the field of marine science to meet the …

Bioerosion of calcium carbonate is the natural counterpart of biogenic calcification. Both are
affected by ocean acidification (OA). We summarize definitions and concepts in bioerosion …

The paradigm that climate change will alter global marine biodiversity is one of the most
widely accepted. Yet, its predictions remain difficult to test because laboratory systems are …

All phytoplankton and higher plants perform photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is
incorporated into biomass during cell growth. Ocean acidification (OA) has the potential to …

Continuing coral‐reef degradation in the western Atlantic is resulting in loss of ecological
and geologic functions of reefs. With the goal of assisting resource managers and stewards …