Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate
immunity defense. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune …

The production of fish larvae is often hampered by high mortality rates, and it is believed that
most of this economic loss due to infectious diseases is ca. 10% in Western European …

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are present in many different fish families from several different
orders, including cyprinid, salmonid, perciform, pleuronectiform and gadiform …

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccination is based on the administration of the gene
encoding the vaccine antigen, rather than the antigen itself. Subsequent expression of the …

Response mechanisms in teleosts against bacterial pathogens have been widely studied
following injection procedures applying preparations of killed bacteria. In contrast …

In mammals, toll-like receptors (TLR) recognize ligands, including pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs), and respond with ligand-specific induction of genes. In this …

A cluster of 11 interferon (IFN) genes were identified in the Atlantic salmon genome linked to
the growth hormone 1 gene. The genes encode three different IFN subtypes; IFNa (two …

The primary function of DNA vaccines, a bacterial plasmid DNA containing a construct for a
given protective antigen, is to establish specific and long-lasting protective immunity against …

The DNA vaccine based on the glycoprotein gene of Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus
induces a non-specific anti-viral immune response and long-term specific immunity against …