The 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) states with very high certainty that anthropogenic emissions have caused …

Using basic ecological concepts, we introduce sperm ecology as a framework to study
sperm cells. First, we describe environmental effects on sperm and conclude that …

In marine invertebrates, the environmental history of the mother can influence fecundity and
egg size. Acclimation of females in climate change stressors, increased temperature and low …

In an era of climate change, impacts on the marine environment include warming and ocean
acidification. These effects can be amplified in shallow coastal regions where conditions …

Despite the increasing risk that ocean acidification will modify benthic communities, great
uncertainty remains about how this impact will affect the lower trophic levels, such as …

Deep-sea species are generally thought to be less tolerant of environmental variation than
shallow-living species due to the relatively stable conditions in deep waters for most …

Sexual reproduction is a fundamental process essential for species persistence, evolution,
and diversity. However, unprecedented oceanographic shifts due to climate change can …

Gametes of marine broadcast spawners are highly susceptible to the threats of ocean
warming and acidification. Here, we explore the main and interacting effects of temperature …

The ocean is closely related to global warming and on-going climate change by regulating
amounts of carbon dioxide through its interaction with the atmosphere. The monitoring of …

The acid-base status and balance of molluscs are considered to be susceptible to
environmental changes, especially in the context of ocean acidification (OA). Here, we …