The adaptive immune system arose 500 million years ago in ectothermic (cold-blooded)
vertebrates. Classically, the adaptive immune system has been defined by the presence of …

γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells are present together in all but the most primitive
vertebrates, suggesting that each population contributes to host immune competence …

The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing
antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 …

As interest in γδ T cells grows rapidly, what key points are emerging, and where is caution
warranted? γδ T cells fulfill critical functions, as reflected in associations with vaccine …

Adaptive immunity is mediated through numerous genetic and cellular processes that
generate favourable somatic variants of antigen-binding receptors under evolutionary …

Cartilaginous and bony fish are the most primitive vertebrates with a thymus, and possess T
cells equivalent to those in mammals. There are a number of studies in fish demonstrating …

The success of our adaptive humoral immune response, mediated by B cells, relies on its
capacity to produce multiple antigen-recognition specificities against any possible invader …

Approximately 500 million years ago, two types of recombinatorial adaptive immune systems
(AISs) arose in vertebrates. The jawed vertebrates diversify their repertoire of …

Zoonotic viruses that emerge from wildlife and domesticated animals pose a serious threat
to human and animal health. In many instances, mouse models have improved our …

Cartilaginous fish are the oldest animals that generate RAG-based Ag receptor diversity. We
have analyzed the genes and expressed transcripts of the four TCR chains for the first time …