Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both
humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is …

DNA damage, largely owing to oxidative stress, is a leading cause of defective sperm
function. High levels of oxidative stress result in damage to sperm DNA, RNA transcripts …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been extensively studied as a cause of male infertility.
Excessive levels of ROS coupled with a deficiency in antioxidants can lead to oxidative …

Mitochondria, fundamental organelles in cell metabolism, and ATP synthesis are
responsible for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), calcium homeostasis, and cell …

Mitochondria of spermatozoa are different from the corresponding organelles of somatic
cells, in both their morphology and biochemistry. The biochemical differences are essentially …

Mitochondria have multiple functions, including synthesis of adenine triphosphate,
production of reactive oxygen species, calcium signalling, thermogenesis and apoptosis …

The incorporation of mitochondria in the eukaryotic cell is one of the most enigmatic events
in the course of evolution. This important organelle was thought to be only the powerhouse …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, globally
affecting men and women at an exponentially growing rate, with currently no cure. Disease …

Heavy metals are naturally occurring components of the Earth's crust and persistent
environmental pollutants. Human exposure to heavy metals occurs via various pathways …

The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) a pollutant associated with several modern industrial
processes, is absorbed in significant quantities from cigarette smoke, water, food and air …