Germinal centers (GCs) are distinct microanatomical structures that form in the secondary
lymphoid organs of endothermic vertebrates (ie, mammals and some birds). Within GCs, B …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

In the present study, we review the structure and function of fish spleen with special
emphasis on its condition in Elasmobranchs, Teleosts and Lungfish. Apart from the amount …

In this article for the Highlight of 2023 series, we discuss recent advances in the fundamental
biology of the germinal center response. These discoveries provide important insights as to …

Disease prevention is pivotal in aquaculture, and while vaccines offer protective immunity,
challenges such as cost and low efficacy persist. The present study investigated the …

The spleen is a conserved secondary lymphoid organ that emerged in parallel to adaptive
immunity in early jawed vertebrates. Recent studies have applied single cell transcriptomics …

The vertebrate kidneys play two evolutionary conserved roles in waste excretion and
osmoregulation. Besides, the kidney of fish is considered as a functional ortholog of …

Antibody-coding genes accumulate somatic mutations to achieve antibody affinity
maturation. Genetic dissection using various mouse models has shown that intrinsic …

The chilling origin of germinal centers | Science Immunology news careers commentary
Journals Science Science brought to you byGoogle Indexer Log in science science …

CD4 and LAG-3 are related molecules that are receptors for MHC class II molecules. Their
major functional differences are situated in their cytoplasmic tails, in which CD4 has an …