The recent developments in immuno-oncology have opened an unprecedented avenue for
the emergence of vaccine strategies. Therapeutic DNA cancer vaccines are now considered …

Highlights•Cancer vaccines have a long history, but traditional protein/peptide antigens
have not had much success.•Nucleic acid vaccines based on either plasmid DNA or mRNA …

The use of immunotherapies for the treatment of brain tumors is a topic that has garnered
considerable excitement in recent years. Discoveries such as the presence of a glymphatic …

Systemic infusion is a prevalent administration method for mesenchymal stromal cells
(MSCs) in clinical trials. However, the inability to deliver a large number of therapeutic cells …

The use of cancer vaccines is considered a promising therapeutic strategy in clinical
oncology, which is achieved by stimulating antitumor immunity with tumor antigens delivered …

Cancer‑testis antigen (CTA) is a well‑accepted optimal target library for cancer diagnosis
and treatment. Most CTAs are located on the X chromosome and aggregate into large gene …

According to reports of the international agency for cancer on research, although malignant
melanoma shows less prevalence than nonmelanoma skin cancers, it is the major cause of …

DNA vaccination represents a smart and promising approach to cancer immunotherapy.
DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy are designed to deliver one or several genes …

Thanks to striking progress in both the understanding of anti-tumor immune response and
the characterization of several tumor associated antigens (TAA), a more rational design and …

Lymphoid organs, which are populated by dendritic cells (DCs), are highly specialized
tissues and provide an ideal microenvironment for T-cell priming. However, intramuscular or …