Background In order to facilitate the setting of guidelines, this review article evaluates the
health risks caused by poor microbiological quality of recreational natural water. Methods …

Despite numerous studies, uncertainty remains about how water quality indicators can best
be used in the regulation of recreational water. We conducted a systematic review of this …

Standard methods to measure recreational water quality require at least 24 hr to obtain
results, making it impossible to assess the quality of water within a single day. Methods to …

Many countries including EU Member States (EUMS) and the United States (US) regularly
monitor the microbial quality of bathing water to protect public health. This study …

Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our understanding of
disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel techniques are elucidating the …

This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of
marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a …

Background: Culture-based methods of monitoring fecal pollution in recreational waters
require 24 to 48 hours to obtain results. This delay leads to potentially inaccurate …

We simulate the influence of multiple sources of enterococci (ENT) as faecal indicator
bacteria (FIB) in recreational water bodies on potential human health risk by considering …

Epidemiology studies of recreational waters have demonstrated that swimmers exposed to
faecally-contaminated recreational waters are at risk of excess gastrointestinal illness …

This book, which has been prepared by an international group of experts, provides
comprehensive guidance for the design, planning and implementation of assessments and …