Free ammonium ions are produced and consumed during cell metabolism. Glutamine
synthetase utilizes free ammonium ions to produce glutamine in the cytosol whereas …

Increased blood ammonia (NH3) is an important causative factor in hepatic encephalopathy,
and clinical treatment of hepatic encephalopathy is focused on lowering NH3. Ammonia is a …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes condensation of ammonia with glutamate to glutamine.
Glutamine serves, with alanine, as a major nontoxic interorgan ammonia carrier. Elimination …

Background & Aims Hyperammonaemia is a key pathological feature of liver disease and
the primary driver of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, the relative roles of increased …

The gut microbiota plays pivotal roles in liver disease onset and progression. The protective
effects of Lactobacillus salivarius Li01 on liver diseases have been reported. In this study …

In living organisms, nitrogen arise primarily as ammonia (NH 3) and ammonium (NH 4+),
which is a main component of the nucleic acid pool and proteins. Although nitrogen is …

Background & Aims In liver failure, ammonia homeostasis is dependent upon the function of
the ammonia metabolising enzymes, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutaminase (GA) but …

Objectives Major hepatic resection is now performed frequently and with relative safety, but
is accompanied by significant pathophysiological changes. The aim of this review is to …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome that is associated with both acute and chronic
liver injury. It manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychological abnormalities, ranging …

Ammonia physiology is important to numerous disease states including urea cycle disorders
and hepatic encephalopathy. However, many unknowns persist regarding the ammonia …