Highlights•Floral visitors can employ multiple behavioral tactics to forage for nectar,
including nectar robbing and visiting flowers legitimately.•Individuals that have the …

Foraging behavior frequently plays a major role in driving the geographic distribution of
animals. Buzzing to extract protein-rich pollen from flowers is a key foraging behavior used …

Interactions between a plant species (Corydalis caseana), a bumble bee nectar robber
(Bombus occidentalis), and a bumble bee pollinator (B. appositus) were studied. There were …

Nectar robbers are animals that extract nectar through holes made in floral tissues. This
behaviour has a wide spectrum of consequences for the plant that range from negative, to …

Primary nectar-robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, often bypassing the plant's
reproductive organs in the process. In many robbed plants, multiple holes are made in a …

Pollen and nectar are the primary rewards offered by flowers to pollinators. In floral visitors of
some plant species, pollen thieves and nectar robbers cause the reduction in pollen grain …

Vertical raceme or spike inflorescences that are bee-pollinated tend to present their flowers
horizontally. Horizontal presentation of flowers is hypothesized to enhance pollinator …

Many mutualisms are taken advantage of by organisms that take rewards from their partners
but provide no benefit in return. In the absence of traits that limit exploitation, facultative …

Epigenetic variation may contribute to traits that are important in domestication, but how
patterns of genetic and epigenetic variation differ between cultivated and wild plants …

Abstract Background and Aims Most research on the widespread phenomenon of nectar
robbing has focused on the effect of the nectar robbers' behaviour on host-plant fitness …