Cell death is a fundamental physiological process in all living organisms. Its roles extend
from embryonic development, organ maintenance, and aging to the coordination of immune …

Autophagy is a fundamental eukaryotic pathway that has multiple effects on immunity.
Autophagy is induced by pattern recognition receptors and, through autophagic adaptors, it …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns
that mediate well established cytokine-driven pathways, activating NF-κB together with …

Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2 are significant human pathogens
causing recurrent disease. During infection, HSV modulates cell death pathways using the …

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that promotes the lysosomal degradation
of intracellular components including organelles and portions of the cytoplasm. Besides …

The autophagy pathway is an essential component of host defense against viral infection,
orchestrating pathogen degradation (xenophagy), innate immune signaling, and certain …

Persistent infection of basal keratinocytes with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) may
cause cancer. Keratinocytes are equipped with different pattern recognition receptors …

Viruses have played an important role in human evolution and have evolved diverse
strategies to co-exist with their hosts. As obligate intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit and …

Necroptosis is an alternate programmed cell death pathway that is unleashed by caspase-8
compromise and mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3). Murine …

Programmed cell death is an integral part of host defense against invading intracellular
pathogens. Apoptosis, programmed necrosis, and pyroptosis each serve to limit pathogen …