Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

The introduction of molecular oxygen into the atmosphere was accompanied by the
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as side products of many biochemical …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

Iron is essential for both plant productivity and nutritional quality. Improving plant iron
content was attempted through genetic engineering of plants overexpressing ferritins …

Significance: In photosynthetic organisms, excited chlorophylls (Chl) can stimulate the
formation of singlet oxygen (1O2), a highly toxic molecule that acts in addition to its …

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a ubiquitous genetically regulated process consisting in an
activation of finely controlled signaling pathways that lead to cellular suicide. Although some …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

As one of the largest gene families in plants, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes
(CYP s) are involved in diverse biological processes including biotic and abiotic stress …

The coordination of chloroplast function with the rest of cellular activity requires a continual
stream of communication from this organelle to the nucleus. Chloroplasts are major sites of …

Intracellular signaling from plastids to the nucleus, called retrograde signaling, coordinates
the expression of nuclear and plastid genes and is essential for plastid biogenesis and for …