Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key participants in both early and late-stage
atherosclerosis. VSMCs invade the early atherosclerotic lesion from the media, expanding …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are a major cell type present at all stages of an
atherosclerotic plaque. According to the 'response to injury'and 'vulnerable …

The concept of cell death has been expanded beyond apoptosis and necrosis to additional
forms, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These cell death …

Inflammation constitutes a complex, highly conserved cascade of molecular and cellular
events. Inflammation has been labeled as “the fire within,” is highly regulated, and is critical …

Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification,
depending on the site (s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular …

Vascular calcification is associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality and
atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Calcification has been determined to be an active process …

Aortic valve stenosis is the most prevalent heart valve disease worldwide. Although
interventional treatment options have rapidly improved in recent years, symptomatic aortic …

Aortic aneurysm is a vascular disease whereby the ECM (extracellular matrix) of a blood
vessel degenerates, leading to dilation and eventually vessel wall rupture. Recently, it was …

Background: Statins can regress coronary atheroma and lower clinical events. Although pre-
clinical studies suggest procalcific effects of statins in vitro, it remains unclear if statins can …

Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with
crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or …