Growing evidence suggests an increasing significance for the extent of gastrointestinal tract
(GIT) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Most patients suffer from GIT symptoms …

In this review, the clinical features of Parkinson's disease, both motor and non‐motor, are
described in the context of the progression of the disease. Also briefly discussed are the …

The interaction disorder between gut microbiota and its host has been documented in
different non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as metabolic syndrome …

The classic view portrays Parkinson disease (PD) as a motor disorder resulting from loss of
substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons. Multiple studies, however, describe …

Our understanding of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system in patients with Parkinson's
disease has increased substantially in the past decade. The entire gastrointestinal tract is …

Parkinson disease (PD) follows a defined clinical pattern, and a range of nonmotor
symptoms precede the motor phase. The predominant early nonmotor manifestations are …

The release and absorption profile of an oral medication is influenced by the
physicochemical properties of the drug and its formulation, as well as by the anatomy and …

Following Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common
neurodegenerative disorder, sharing an unclear pathophysiology, a multifactorial profile …

The number of bacterial cells living within the human body is approximately equal to, or
greater than, the total number of human cells. This dynamic population of microorganisms …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative condition associated with
tremor, rigidity, dementia, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, nausea and …