Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Bile salts and bacteria have intricate relationships. The composition of the intestinal pool of
bile salts is shaped by bacterial metabolism. In turn, bile salts play a role in intestinal …

The bacterial cell envelope is the first and major line of defence against threats from the
environment. It is an essential and yet vulnerable structure that gives the cell its shape and …

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a commercially significant bacterial probiotic, originally isolated
from the human gastrointestinal tract and designated Bacillus acidophilus in 1900 …

Enterococcus is a diverse and rugged genus colonizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans
and numerous hosts across the animal kingdom. Enterococci are also a leading cause of …

Enterococcus faecalis is a human intestinal pathobiont with intrinsic and acquired resistance
to many antibiotics, including vancomycin. Nature provides a diverse and virtually untapped …

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) is a widely used and intensively studied probiotic
bacterium. Although the health benefits of strain GG are well documented, the systematic …

Antimicrobial peptides, or AMPs, play a significant role in many environments as a tool to
remove competing organisms. In response, many bacteria have evolved mechanisms to …

An important feature of the intestinal microbiota, particularly in the case of administered
probiotic microorganisms, is their resistance to conditions in the gastrointestinal tract …

Probiotic bacteria encounter various stresses after ingestion by the host, including exposure
to the low pH in the stomach and bile in the small intestine. The probiotic microorganism …