Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the clinical management of multiple
tumours. However, only a few patients respond to ICIs, which has generated considerable …

At odds with conventional chemotherapeutics, targeted anticancer agents are designed to
inhibit precise molecular alterations that support oncogenesis or tumor progression. Despite …

Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are
tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be …

Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and
function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount …

NK cells have therapeutic potential for a wide variety of human malignancies. However,
because NK cells expand poorly in vitro, have limited life spans in viv o, and represent a …

Natural killer (NK)–cell recognition of infected or neoplastic cells can induce cytotoxicity and
cytokine secretion. So far, it has been difficult to assess the relative contribution of multiple …

Purpose: mAbs are used to treat solid and hematologic malignancies and work in part
through Fc receptors (FcRs) on natural killer cells (NK). However, FcR-mediated functions of …

The emergence of immunotherapy for cancer treatment bears considerable clinical promise.
Nevertheless, many patients remain unresponsive, acquire resistance, or suffer dose …

Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a potent immunomodulatory four-α-helical-bundle type I cytokine, is
produced by NKT and CD4+ T cells and has pleiotropic effects on both innate and adaptive …

During cancer immunoediting, loss of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) in
neoplasm contributes to the evasion of tumours from host immune system. Recent studies …