Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen‐fixing
bacteria to secure nitrogen for growth. The formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules on legume …

Plants are now recognized as metaorganisms which are composed of a host plant
associated with a multitude of microbes that provide the host plant with a variety of essential …

Biological nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium-legume symbioses represents an environmentally
friendly and inexpensive alternative to the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers in legume …

New research results have significantly revised our understanding of the rhizobium–legume
infection process. For example, Nod factors (NFs), previously thought to be absolutely …

Rhizobia adopt many different lifestyles including survival in soil, growth in the rhizosphere,
attachment to root hairs and infection and growth within legume roots, both in infection …

In the rhizosphere, exudates from plants and microorganisms as well as stable soil organic
matter influence processes that can control plant growth, microbial infections, and nutrient …

Yield stability of legume crops is constrained by a number of pest and diseases. Major
diseases are rusts, powdery and downy mildews, ascochyta blights, botrytis gray molds …

To suppress plant immunity and promote the intracellular infection required for fixing
nitrogen for the benefit of their legume hosts, many rhizobia use type III secretion systems …

Rhizobia—a diverse group of soil bacteria—induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules
on the roots of legumes. Nodulation begins when the roots initiate a molecular dialogue with …

Leguminous plants can enter into root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria
known as rhizobia. An intriguing but still poorly understood property of the symbiosis is its …