Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of the acute disease tularemia. Due to its
extreme infectivity and ability to cause disease upon inhalation, F. tularensis has been …

Much is known about both microbial virulence and host defense mechanisms, and yet how
they interact to produce different clinical outcomes is poorly appreciated. Here I review …

CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated)
systems are a bacterial defence against invading foreign nucleic acids derived from …

Sensors of pathogens, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), detect microbes to activate
transcriptional programs that orchestrate adaptive responses to specific insults. Here we …

Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, infects host macrophages, which
triggers production of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. We …

Francisella tularensis has been recognized as the causative agent of tularaemia for almost a
century. Since its discovery in 1911, it has been shown to infect a wide range of hosts …

The intracellular Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis causes the disease
tularemia and is known for its ability to subvert host immune responses. Previous work from …

Studies of immune responses to Francisella have been conducted for well over 50 years.
Here, the basic parameters of innate and adaptive immune responses to Francisella are …

In recent years, studies on the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis have greatly
intensified, generating a wealth of new information on the interaction of this organism with …

Francisella tularensis can cause fatal respiratory tularemia in humans and animals and is
increasingly being isolated in the United States and several European countries. The …