Background Contemporary antiretroviral therapies (ART) and management strategies have
diminished both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment failure and the acquired …

Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, virological failure can occur in
some HIV-1-infected patients in the absence of mutations in drug target genes. We …

Background Maintenance monotherapy with ritonavir-boosted darunavir has yielded
variable outcomes and is not recommended. Trial samples offer valuable opportunities for …

Prolonged virologic failure on 2nd-line protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral therapy
(ART) without emergence of major protease mutations is well recognized and provides an …

Pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) has been increasing with scale-up of antiretroviral
therapy (ART) in low-and middle-income countries. Delay in responding to rising levels of …

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are the second-and last-line therapy for the majority of HIV-infected
patients worldwide. Only around 20% of individuals who fail PI regimens develop major …

Introduction There is increasing evidence supporting a role for HIV-1 envelope in the
development of Protease Inhibitor drug resistance, and a recent report from our group …

Objectives To assess, at ART initiation, the impact of baseline substitutions in protease, Gag
and gp41 regions on the virological response to a first-line PI-based regimen. Patients and …

Most HIV-1-infected individuals with virological failure on a pharmacologically-boosted
protease inhibitor (PI) regimen do not develop PI-resistance protease mutations. One …

Understanding the correlates of treatment failure during second-line antiretroviral therapy
(ART) could inform interventions to improve outcomes among people living with HIV …