Low grade gliomas are the most frequent brain tumors in children and encompass a
spectrum of histologic entities which are currently assigned World Health Organisation …

The MAPK pathway is one of the most commonly mutated oncogenic pathways in cancer.
Although RAS mutations are the most frequent MAPK alterations, less frequent alterations in …

Background Craniopharyngiomas, primary brain tumors of the pituitary–hypothalamic axis,
can cause clinically significant sequelae. Treatment with the use of surgery, radiation, or …

Genome-wide molecular-profiling studies have revealed the characteristic genetic
alterations and epigenetic profiles associated with different types of gliomas. These …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK signalling pathway is hyperactivated in a high
percentage of tumours, most frequently owing to activating mutations of the KRAS, NRAS …

The discovery that a subset of human tumours is dependent on mutationally deregulated
BRAF kinase intensified the development of RAF inhibitors to be used as potential …

The identification of mutationally activated BRAF in many cancers altered our conception of
the part played by the RAF family of protein kinases in oncogenesis. In this Review, we …

Histiocytic neoplasms are clonal, hematopoietic disorders characterized by an accumulation
of abnormal, monocyte-derived dendritic cells or macrophages in Langerhans cell …

Pilocytic astrocytoma, the most common childhood brain tumor, is typically associated with
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway alterations. Surgically inaccessible …

Gliomas are the most common CNS tumors in children and adolescents, and they show an
extremely broad range of clinical behavior. The majority of pediatric gliomas present as …