Solar flares can severely disturb the Earth's ionosphere, leading to changes of atmospheric
chemistry and degradation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. The key to …

频率为3~ 30 kHz 的甚低频(VLF, Very Low Frequency) 电磁波具有波长长, 传播距离远的特点,
能够沿地面-低电离层波导进行传播, 在通信, 导航等许多领域都被广泛应用 …

For the applications of Alpha very-low-frequency (VLF) systems consisting of multiple
transmitters, determining the origin transmitter station of received signals is a crucial …

Very-low-frequency (VLF) radio waves propagate efficiently over long distances in the
naturally occurring Earth–ionosphere waveguide. These radio waves are emitted by both …

VLF (very low frequency) electromagnetic waves at 3~ 30 kHz have the characteristics of
long wavelength and long propagation distance. They can propagate along the Earth-lower …

Abstract The D‐region ionosphere (60 90 km) plays an important role in long‐range
communication and response to solar and space weather; however, it is difficult to directly …

Narrowband very low frequency (VLF) remote sensing has proven to be a useful tool for
characterizing the ionosphere's D region (60‐to 90‐km altitude) electron density. This work …

The lowest region of the ionosphere, the D region, plays an important role in magnetosphere‐
ionosphere coupling but is challenging to directly observe. The group velocity of the …

Lightning induced perturbations of the lower ionosphere are investigated with very low
frequency (VLF) remote sensing on a unique overlapping propagation path geometry. The …

This paper critically examines the causes of attenuation of radio waves when it is
propagating through ionosphere. The electron density of ionosphere affects the propagation …