Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional Th1 cytokine and one of the most
important inflammatory cytokines. In pregnancy, TNF-α influences hormone synthesis …

The cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF) is a well known member of the TNF superfamily
consisting of at least 18 ligands and 29 different receptors involved in numerous cellular …

The trophoblast, ie the peripheral part of the human conceptus, exerts a crucial role in
implantation and placentation. Both processes properly occur as a consequence of an …

Malaria remains a global health burden with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the
highest mortality and morbidity. Malaria in pregnancy can lead to the development of …

Elevated placental proinflammatory cytokine release is associated with miscarriage, preterm
labor and preeclampsia. Specifically, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced cytokines may …

Fusion of the trophoblast-derived choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo can be triggered by
forskolin. BeWo cells are regularly used as a cell culture model to mimic in vivo …

Human pregnancy is a metabolic and immune challenge for the mother who has to
accommodate in her womb a semi-allogeneic fetus whose energy needs increase …

Hypoxia is a common and severe stress to an organism's homeostatic mechanisms, and
hypoxia during gestation is associated with significantly increased incidence of maternal …

Citation Kwak‐Kim J, Park JC, Ahn HK, Kim JW, Gilman‐Sachs A. Immunological modes of
pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010 During the implantation period, a significant …

Placental dysfunction refers to the insufficiency of placental perfusion and chronic hypoxia
during early pregnancy, which impairs placental function and causes inadequate supply of …