Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

The Asian monsoons are triggered by complex interactions between the atmosphere, Asian
and African orography, and the surrounding oceans, resulting in highly seasonal climate …

Much of our understanding of Earth's past climate comes from the measurement of oxygen
and carbon isotope variations in deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Yet, long intervals in …

Angiosperms are the cornerstone of most terrestrial ecosystems and human livelihoods,. A
robust understanding of angiosperm evolution is required to explain their rise to ecological …

Abstract Across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary (MPB; 5.3 million years ago, Ma), late
Miocene cooling gave way to the early-to-middle Pliocene Warm Period. This transition …

Abstract The Miocene epoch, spanning 23.03–5.33 Ma, was a dynamic climate of sustained,
polar amplified warmth. Miocene atmospheric CO2 concentrations are typically …

Carbon is one of the key elements in organisms and non-living compounds on Earth.
Carbon dioxide and methane are important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, dissolved …

Earth's climate cooled markedly during the late Miocene from 12 to 5 million years ago, with
far-reaching consequences for global ecosystems. However, the driving forces of these …

Deep sea geological records indicate that Antarctic ice-sheet growth and decay is strongly
influenced by the Earth's astronomical variations (known as Milankovitch cycles), and that …

Asian Monsoon rainfall supports the livelihood of billions of people, yet the relative
importance of different drivers remains an issue of great debate. Here, we present 30 million …