We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Observations from the last decade suggest an important role of sea ice in the global
biogeochemical cycles, promoted by (i) active biological and chemical processes within the …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

This study presents the global climate model IPSL‐CM6A‐LR developed at Institut Pierre‐
Simon Laplace (IPSL) to study natural climate variability and climate response to natural and …

This paper describes the main characteristics of CNRM‐CM6‐1, the fully coupled
atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model of sixth generation jointly developed by …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

We present a new framework for global ocean–sea-ice model simulations based on phase 2
of the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP-2), making use of the surface dataset …

The ocean engine of NEMO is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global
ocean circulation problems. It is intended to be a flexible tool for studying the ocean and its …

A new version of the general circulation model CNRM-CM has been developed jointly by
CNRM-GAME (Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques—Groupe d'études de …

The Pliocene epoch has great potential to improve our understanding of the long-term
climatic and environmental consequences of an atmospheric CO 2 concentration near∼ …