Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic
feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) coordinates an array of fundamental behaviors,
including sleeping, waking, feeding, stress and motivated behavior. The wide spectrum of …

Optogenetic manipulation of neuronal activity through excitatory and inhibitory opsins has
become an indispensable experimental strategy in neuroscience research. For many …

GABA interneurons play a critical role in higher brain functions. Astrocytic glial cells interact
with synapses throughout the whole brain and are recognized as regulatory elements of …

How does cognition regulate innate behaviors? While the cognitive functions of the cortex
have been extensively studied, we know much less about how cognition can regulate innate …

BACKGROUND Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are naturally occurring light-gated ion channels
that are important for allowing motile algal cells to find suitable light levels. In neuroscience …

Animals continuously weigh hunger and thirst against competing needs, such as social
contact and mating, according to state and opportunity. Yet neuronal mechanisms of sensing …

The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in the simultaneous measurement of
neuronal activity across many brain regions, enabling fundamentally new explorations of the …

The lateral septum (LS) is composed of heterogeneous cell types that are important for
various motivated behaviors. However, the transcriptional profiles, spatial arrangement …