Rapid developments in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering has witnessed an
increasing drive toward clinical translation of breakthrough technologies. However, the …

Highlights•Assessing pain in animals is problematic without a distinct definition.•We provide
clear criteria for animal pain that can be used to evaluate if pain occurs.•The empirical …

Grimace scales have been used for pain assessment in different species. This study aimed
to develop and validate the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) to detect naturally-occurring acute …

The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in
veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement …

Large Animal Internal Medicine, 4th Edition features a problem-based approach with
discussions of over 150 clinical signs. This is the first internal medicine reference that …

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an equine pain face
and to describe this in detail. Study design Semi-randomized, controlled, crossover trial …

ABSTRACT The 3Rs–Replacement, Reduction and Refinement–are embedded into the
legislation and guidelines governing the ethics of animal use in experiments. Here, we …

Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia, Fourth Edition provides a basic guide to anaesthesia for a
very diverse audience needing content, with straight-forward, structured style of writing …

Chronic pain is a global problem that has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 20%
of adults suffer from pain, and another 10% are diagnosed with chronic pain each year …

In order to survive, animals must avoid injury and be able to detect potentially damaging
stimuli via nociceptive mechanisms. If the injury is accompanied by a negative affective …