Wetlands are some of the most important ecosystems on Earth. They play a key role in
alleviating floods and filtering polluted water and also provide habitats for many plants and …

The previous chapters have provided a first insight into the heterogeneity, complexity and
great physiognomic and ecological variety of the timberline phenomenon; a heterogeneity …

The northward and upward movement of the tree line and gradual replacement of lichens
with vascular plants associated with increasing temperatures and nutrient availability may …

Abstract Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) have been suggested to harmonize
biodiversity monitoring worldwide. Their aim is to provide a small but comprehensive set of …

Biomass and leaf area index (LAI) are important variables in many ecological and
environmental applications. In this study, the suitability of visible to shortwave infrared …

The study focuses on vegetation changes in the Nordic mountain birch forest in northern
Norway, covering a period of more than 40 yr. The study area comprises the municipalities …

Transition zones between mountain forests and treeless tundra, ie treeline ecotones, are
characterized by great regional variety. In this paper, we discuss the biodiversity in various …

Reindeer lichens (Cladonia spp.) are an important food source for woodland and barren
ground caribou herds. In this study, we assessed Cladonia classification accuracy in a rocky …

The reindeer is a ruminant of the family Cervidae with a circumpolar distribution that has
been a key component of Eurasian high latitude ecosystems for at least 2 million years …

Reindeer and caribou are keystone species in the circumpolar region, and rely on lichens as
their main winter forage to survive in some of the most extreme environments on Earth …