During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

The advent of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) using antibodies against PD1 and its
ligand PDL1 has prompted substantial efforts to develop complementary drugs. Although …

Tumor cells can “hijack” chemokine networks to support tumor progression. In this context,
the CC chemokine ligand 5/CC chemokine receptor type 5 (CCL5/CCR5) axis is gaining …

To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and
recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among …

The CCL2-CCR2 axis is one of the major chemokine signaling pathways that has received
special attention because of its function in the development and progression of …

SARS-CoV-2 infection is required for COVID-19, but many signs and symptoms of COVID-19
differ from common acute viral diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary but not …

A novel coronavirus termed as COVID-19 by WHO has been the causative agent of an
unprecedented pandemic in the history of humanity. The global burden of mortality and …

Chronic pain resulting from nerve injury, tissue inflammation, and tumor invasion or
treatment, is a major health problem impacting the quality of life and producing a significant …

Cancer metastasis is responsible for the vast majority of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. In
contrast to numerous discoveries that reveal the detailed mechanisms leading to the …

• There are no specific therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes …