Obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition characterized by excess body fat. Its prevalence
has increased globally since the 1970s, and the number of obese and overweight people is …

Before menopause, women are protected from atherosclerotic heart disease associated with
obesity relative to men. Sex hormones have been proposed as a mechanism that …

Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Over the last two decades, it has become evident that estrogens preserve the integrity of
energy homeostasis at central and peripheral levels. Estrogen deficiency, such as that …

Every year, 2 million women reach menopause in the United States, and they may spend
40% or more of their life in a postmenopausal state. In the years immediately preceding …

Abstract Purpose of Review As the ongoing epidemic of adult and childhood obesity grows,
it puts a greater burden on individuals and the healthcare system due to increased …

Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) are transcription factors that are involved in
the regulation of many complex physiological processes in humans. Abnormal ER signaling …

Estrogens play a fundamental role in the physiology of the reproductive, cardiovascular,
skeletal, and central nervous systems. In this report, we review the literature in both rodents …

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of
eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of …

Men and women exhibit significant differences in obesity, cardiovascular disease, and
diabetes. To provide better diagnosis and treatment for both sexes, it is important to identify …