Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and life‐threating inflammatory disease of
gastroenteric tissue characterized by episodes of intestinal inflammation. The pathogenesis …

Amino acid metabolism is a critical regulator of the immune response, and its modulating
becomes a promising approach in various forms of immunotherapy. Insufficient …

Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in
1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the …

Tumor-driven immune suppression is a major barrier to successful immunotherapy in
ovarian carcinomas (OvCa). Among various mechanisms responsible for immune …

Plenty of immune cells infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor
progression, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a …

The emergence of disseminated metastases remains the primary cause of mortality in
cancer patients. Formation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN), which precedes the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is an
inflammatory condition that results in gastrointestinal tract damage. Various factors …

Cancer stem cells play a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. Myeloid‐
derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promote tumor progression through multiple mechanisms …

Nanobiotechnology plays an important role in drug delivery, and various kinds of
nanoparticles have demonstrated new properties, which may provide opportunities in …

Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut
microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could …