Depth of anaesthesia monitors might help to individualize anaesthesia by permitting
accurate drug administration against the measured state of arousal of the patient. In …

The concept of entropy, originally derived from thermodynamics, has been successfully
applied to EEG analysis. Various entropy algorithms have been used in clinical studies, but …

The physiological underpinnings of the necessity of sleep remain uncertain. Recent
evidence suggests that sleep increases the convection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and …

Background The objective of the present study was to validate the qCON index of hypnotic
effect and the qNOX index of nociception. Both indices are derived from the frontal …

BACKGROUND: It is important that the level of general anaesthesia (GA) is appropriate for
the individual patient undergoing surgery. If anaesthesia is deeper than required to keep a …

Operating room (OR) is a cost‐intensive environment, and it should be managed efficiently.
When improving efficiency, shortening case duration by parallel processing, training of the …

Current processed EEG monitors are limited by their calibration range and the interpatient
variability in their dose–response curves. The next generation of depth-of-anesthesia …

Safe anesthesia is achieved using objective methods that estimate the patient's state during
different phases of surgery. A patient's state under anesthesia is characterized by three …

Background: Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2 agonist with properties of sedation,
analgesia and anxiolysis, making it an ideal anesthetic adjuvant. Using an anesthetic …

Propofol is an emulsion formulation of 2, 6 diisopropylphenol developed in 1975. Widely
recognized, it offers beneficial effects compared with other sedative drugs. Propofol is used …