Three experiments investigated the frames of reference used in memory to represent the
spatial structure of the environment. Participants learned the locations of objects in a room …

Moving our body through space is fundamental to human navigation; however, technical
and physical limitations have hindered our ability to study the role of these body-based cues …

Three experiments investigated the role of egocentric orientation in subsequent memory for
layouts learned via route (ground-level) and survey (aerial or overview) perspectives …

Mental spaces are not unitary. Rather, people conceive of different spaces differently,
depending on the functions they serve. Four such spaces are considered here. The space of …

This chapter summarizes a new theory of spatial memory. According to the theory, when
people learn the locations of objects in a new environment, they interpret the spatial …

This article examines the degree to which knowledge about the body's orientation affects
transformations in spatial memory and whether memories are accessed with a preferred …

Spatial representations, when used well, support learning in reading, mathematics, and
science. They also enable mental simulations and visualizations that prompt innovation and …

Giving directions or describing an environment often requires assuming perspectives other
than one's own. We employed a spatial perspective-taking task to investigate how …

We show that C. elegans nematodes learn to associate food with a combination of
proprioceptive cues and information on the structure of their surroundings (maze), perceived …

When people learn an environment, they appear to establish a principle orientation just as
they would determine the “top” of a novel object. Evidence for reference orientations has …