The noradrenergic system is crucial for several activities in the body, including the
modulation of pain. As the major producer of noradrenaline (NA) in the central nervous …

Sex-related differences in pain and opioids has been the focus of many researches. It is
demonstrated that women experience greater clinical pain, lower pain threshold and …

Biologic factors that predict risk for and mediate the development of common outcomes of
trauma exposure such as chronic posttraumatic pain (CPTP) are poorly understood. In the …

N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is the third most prevalent and widely distributed
neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system. NAAG activates a group II metabotropic …

Estrogen modulates pain perception but how it does so is not fully understood. The aim of
this study was to determine if estradiol reduces nociceptive responses in part via …

This study was done in urethane anesthetized, ovariectomized (OVX) female rats that were
either implanted or not implanted with silastic capsules containing17β-estradiol (E 2) to …

The locus coeruleus (LC) adrenergic nuclei constitute a pain-control inhibitory system
nucleus implicated in descending modulation of pain through the action on spinal α 2 …

Introduction: The nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is involved in the descending
pain modulation. The neurostreoid, 17β-estradiol found in the PGi nucleus and modulates …

Methods: To study the antinociceptive effects of 17β-estradiol, cannulation into the LPGi
nucleus of male Wistar rats was performed. About 500 nL of drug was administered 15 …

The pain modulatory role of the paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus (LPGi) and the 17β-
estradiol has thoroughly been probed. This study investigates the contribution of ionotropic …