Orthologs and paralogs are two fundamentally different types of homologous genes that
evolved, respectively, by vertical descent from a single ancestral gene and by duplication …

Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are the most abundant and ubiquitous soluble intracellular
proteins. In single-cell organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates, they perform a multitude of …

Phage T4 has provided countless contributions to the paradigms of genetics and
biochemistry. Its complete genome sequence of 168,903 bp encodes about 300 gene …

The mitochondrion was originally a free-living prokaryotic organism, which explains the
presence of a compact mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in contempory mammalian …

When duplex DNA is altered in almost any way (replicated, recombined, or repaired), single
strands of DNA are usually intermediates, and single-stranded DNA binding (SSB) proteins …

The formation and duration of binary receptor− ligand complexes are fundamental to many
physiologic processes. Most often, the effectiveness of interaction between a receptor and its …

We here reconstitute a minimal mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replisome in vitro.
The mtDNA polymerase (POLγ) cannot use double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) as template for …

▪ Abstract Chromosomal DNA replicases are multicomponent machines that have evolved
clever strategies to perform their function. Although the structure of DNA is elegant in its …

Nature has evolved complex enzyme architectures that facilitate the synthesis and
manipulation of the biopolymers DNA and RNA, including enzymes capable of attaching to …

Mechanisms that allow replicative DNA polymerases to attain high processivity are often
specific to a given polymerase and cannot be generalized to others. Here we report a …