The regulation of gene expression is fundamental for life. Whereas the role of transcriptional
regulation of gene expression has been studied for several decades, it has been clear over …

This review summarizes our current understanding of the major pathway for the initiation
phase of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, with a focus on recent advances. We describe …

Ribosomes translate genetic information into primary structure. During translation, various
cofactors transiently bind to the ribosome that undergoes prominent conformational and …

Ribosomes are translational machineries that catalyse protein synthesis. Ribosome
structures from various species are known at the atomic level, but obtaining the structure of …

Viruses must co-opt the cellular translation machinery to produce progeny virions.
Eukaryotic viruses have evolved a variety of ways to manipulate the cellular translation …

Translation initiation defines the identity and quantity of a synthesized protein. The process
is dysregulated in many human diseases,. A key commitment step is when the ribosomal …

Regulation of messenger RNA translation is central to eukaryotic gene expression control.
Regulatory inputs are specified by the mRNA untranslated regions (UTRs) and often target …

Gene expression universally relies on protein synthesis, where ribosomes recognize and
decode the messenger RNA template by cycling through translation initiation, elongation …

In bacterial translational initiation, three initiation factors (IFs 1–3) enable the selection of
initiator tRNA and the start codon in the P site of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Here, we report …

To ensure efficient propagation, viruses need to rapidly produce viral proteins after cell
entrance. Since viral genomes do not encode any components of the protein biosynthesis …