Almost 2 billion adults in the world are overweight, and more than half of them are classified
as obese, while nearly one-third of children globally experience poor growth and …

In the modern world, cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death for both men and
women. Epidemiologic studies consistently have suggested an association between low …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of the fetus to meet its growth potential
due to a pathological factor, most commonly placental dysfunction. Worldwide, FGR is a …

The International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG) is a scientific
organization that encourages sound clinical practice, and high-quality teaching and …

Fetal growth restriction can result from a variety of maternal, fetal, and placental conditions. It
occurs in up to 10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality …

Objective: The terms early-and late-onset fetal growth restriction (FGR) are commonly used
to distinguish two phenotypes characterized by differences in onset, fetoplacental Doppler …

Introduction Placenta-derived exosomes may represent an additional pathway by which the
placenta communicates with the maternal system to induce maternal vascular adaptations to …

It is now recognized that the quality of the fetal environment during early development is
important in programming cardiovascular health and disease in later life. Fetal hypoxia is …

In the modern world, cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of mortality in
developed countries, which in most cases undergo a long subclinical phase that can last …

Objectives Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with increased cardiovascular risk
later in life but the link between fetal disease and postnatal risk is not well‐documented. We …