Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has
focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage …

Background There is a growing body of empirical evidence on demographic and
psychosocial predictors of doping intentions and behaviors utilizing a variety of variables …

The prevalence of doping in elite sports is relevant for all those involved in sports,
particularly for evaluating anti-doping policy measures. Remarkably, few scientific articles …

The use of androgens, frequently referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has
grown into a worldwide substance abuse problem over the last several decades …

Drug abuse occurs in all sports and at most levels of competition. Athletic life may lead to
drug abuse for a number of reasons, including for performance enhancement, to self-treat …

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) by professional and recreational athletes is
increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly performance enhancement …

BACKGROUND: The problem of anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has recently
generated widespread public and media attention. Most AAS abusers, however, are not elite …

The purpose was to systematically review the global trends and factors influencing self-
medication (SM) among adolescents. Databases (Medline/Pubmed, Ingenta, Cochrane …

Aims Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used illicitly to gain muscle and lose
body fat. Here we review the accumulating human and animal evidence showing that AAS …

Background The prevalence of doping in competitive sport, and the methods for assessing
prevalence, remain poorly understood. This reduces the ability of researchers, governments …