Abstract The Electric Solar Wind Sail (E-sail) is an innovative propellantless propulsion
system conceived by Pekka Janhunen in 2004 for use in interplanetary space. An E-sail …

The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) is the international standard for the
specification of ionospheric densities and temperatures. It was developed and is being …

The “F F-layer dynamo” or “F F-region dynamo” concept was introduced by Rishbeth (Planet.
Space Sci. 19 (2): 263–267, 1971a; 19 (3): 357–369, 1971b). F F-region winds blow the …

The global core plasma model (GCPM) provides empirically derived core plasma density as
a function of geomagnetic and solar conditions throughout the inner magnetosphere. It is …

A comprehensive ring current model (CRCM) has been developed that couples the Rice
Convection Model (RCM) and the kinetic model of Fok and coworkers. The coupled model is …

With the advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements (from both ground‐
based and satellite‐based receivers), the number of available ionospheric measurements …

Ground‐based ionosphere sounding measurements alone are incapable of reliably
modeling the topside electron density distribution above the F layer peak density height …

Abstract Space exploration has been identified by several governments as a priority for their
space agencies and commercial industry. A good knowledge and specification of the …

This paper examines the ability of empirical and physical models to reproduce the peak
electron density of the midlatitude ionospheric F2 region (NmF2) from 1976 to 1980. The …

This paper presents results from the TIME-GCM-CCM3 thermosphere–ionosphere–lower
atmosphere flux-coupled model, and investigates how well the model simulates known F2 …