Four families of enveloped RNA viruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, and
bunyaviruses, cause hemorrhagic fevers. These viruses are maintained in specific natural …

Bunyaviruses are negative sense, single-strand RNA viruses that infect a wide range of
vertebrate, invertebrate and plant hosts. WHO lists three bunyavirus diseases as priority …

Until recently, members of the monogeneric family Arenaviridae (arenaviruses) have been
known to infect only muroid rodents and, in one case, possibly phyllostomid bats. The …

▪ Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other retroviruses acquire their
envelopes and spread infection by budding through the limiting membranes of producer …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen that chronically infects≈ 350 million
people, causing liver disease and liver cancer. HBV virions bud into an endoplasmic …

Background Recent importation of Lassa fever into Germany, the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom, and the United States by travelers on commercial airlines from Africa underscores …

Lassa virus is a RNA virus belonging to the family of Arenaviridae. It was discovered as the
causative agent of a hemorrhagic fever—Lassa fever—about 30 years ago. Lassa fever is …

Inclusion body disease (IBD) is an infectious fatal disease of snakes typified by behavioral
abnormalities, wasting, and secondary infections. At a histopathological level, the disease is …

The prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a formidable battle
horse for the study of viral immunology, as well as viral persistence and associated …

Lassa virus causes a hemorrhagic fever endemic in West Africa. The pathogenesis and the
immune responses associated with the disease are poorly understood, and no vaccine is …